It is not a secret for anyone that our planet is more than 70 percent covered with water. At the same time, not only large seas and oceans are taken into account, but also various lakes, as well as numerous rivers. We live in a country full of rivers and lakes, any of our fellow citizens at least once amazed the vast expanses of their homeland. There is also no need to forget that Russia is considered the largest supplier of oil and gas in Europe, but often laying modern pipelines for transporting petroleum products from the place of production to the process of processing is difficult to all kinds of natural obstacles, for example, lakes, rivers and hills.
When it comes to the construction of special underwater transitions for laying the water supply and transportation of oil products, one cannot help but mention the so -called duckers. This is what modern submarines of gas – and oil pipelines are called this. The construction of submarine transitions for laying oil pipelines in most cases is regulated by generally established state construction norms SNiP: number 2.05.06-85, number 3.01.01-85, number 3.02.01-87, number 3.01.03-84 and other regulatory documents.
In general, the construction of transitions for oil pipelines and gas pipelines under water consists of the following steps:
• implementation of preparatory underwater earthmings;
• laying a special Duker;
• Installation of a pipeline for transporting gas or oil to Duker.
It is important to know the basic rules for the construction of Duker, in other words of the underwater transition for laying the pipeline.
• firstly, Duker must be installed strictly perpendicular to the direction of the water flow.
• Secondly, it is necessary to lay two specialized pipes at once, reliably reinforced by special anti-corrosion protection and strong lining. The dialect of protective pipes should be at least 150 millimeters.
• Thirdly, in those places where the pipe duker enters the water, it is necessary to make a protective embankment of small stones or small reinforced concrete plates.
There are other rules for creating the right underwater transitions in which the subsequent installation of the underwater oil pipeline is planned. And they require experts from the pipeline construction company of great work experience in this area and coordinating absolutely all installation conditions with the relevant organizations and instances.
